Rain splash erosion happens when raindrops move the soil. With the growth of population in the coastal zone, more competing pressures are being put on the shores and beaches. Identify and describe the types of wind and water erosion. In fact, if rills are not addressed, they will grow into larger gullies. Types of erosion river processes aqa gcse geography. After reading this article you will learn about wind erosion. Value 1 this form of erosion is no longer visible after cultivation ploughing, hoeing etc. Describe the role of water in chemical weathering 4.
Sheet erosion occurs when a very thin layer of surface dirt or soil is removed from a large area. Chapter 4 protection from coastal erosion thematic paper. Limestone cliffs are particularly vulnerable to this kind of erosion. Surface runoff and throughflow cause erosion at the point where the water enters the valley head. In earth science, erosion is the action of surface processes that removes soil, rock, or dissolved.
This occurs when soil is removed uniformly in a thin layer from the entire surface area. Weathering is the process of loosening, dissolving and wearing away of the earths surface. Describe ways by which sediments are eroded learning objectives lo. By the end of this section the studentuser will be able to.
Erosion is the wearing away of the earths surface by the action of natural forces, for example, water, wind and glacial ice. Sheet erosion soil erosion is characterised by the downslope removal of. Susceptibility to wind erosion is related rather definitely to the moisture content of soils. Soil degradation is a global environmental problem which started since the innovation of agriculture by human kind. Sheet erosion is the more or less uniform removal of soil. Natural erosion has sculptured landforms on the uplands and built landforms on the lowlands.
It is the fairly uniform removal of soil in thin layers from the land surface, often scarcely perceptible, especially when caused by wind. This natural process is caused by the dynamic activity of erosive agents, that is, water, ice glaciers, snow, air wind, plants, animals, and humans. Therefore, we can talk of two types of soil erosion viz. Water erosion is very simplistically speaking caused by rainfall, river flow, waves wave action, hydraulic action and abrasion, corrosion, glacier movement, thawing, etc. One third of the worlds agricultural soils, or roughly 2 billion hectares of land, was reported as being affected by soil. Zingg 1940 published the first equation for calculating field soil loss. It is the fairly uniform removal of soil in thin layers from the land surface, often. Differing soil types sand gravel loamy sand clay loam clay clay. While there are many types of erosion, all have the same basic process the removal of topsoil by wind or water. Cook 1936 identified the major variables that affect erosion by water. Processes and principles of erosion and sedimentation nc. If we want to save our soils, we need to understand the different types of erosion that can occur.
The four types of erosion are sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion and splash erosion. Remote deposition occurs some distance away from the origin of the sediment. Depending on the local landscape and weather conditions, erosion may be very slow or very rapid. Areas where loose, shallow topsoil overlies compact soil are most susceptible to sheet erosion. Gully erosion can be thought of as advanced rill erosion. Sheet erosion it is the uniform removal of soil in thin layers from the land surface caused by the wind. Gullies are channels deeper than 30cm that cannot be removed by normal cultivation. Weathering is where rock is broken down and dissolved into tiny particles by chemical, physical and. Splash erosion is generally seen as the first and least severe stage in the soil erosion process, which is followed by sheet erosion, then rill erosion and finally gully erosion the most severe of the four. There are generally four types of erosion that result from water which are illustrated in. Deposition at the toe of a concave slope, on the uphill side of vegetative strips, and in terrace channels are examples of remote.
Raindrops hit bare soil with enough force to break the soil aggregates. Sheet erosion lowers the fertility of the soil, because it removes the most productive layer, which has usually been enriched by fertiliser. This is the type of erosion that results from runoff that spreads across the soil. The process may be natural or accelerated by human activity.
Definitions, types, causes and consequences of soil erosion. Sep 04, 2015 the presence of organic matter in the soil is vital for good water retention and growth of flora. Water erosion water erosion causes two sets of problems. Hydraulic action is where the force of the river water pushes into holes in the riverbank and causes the riverbank to collapse.
The rate of erosion on a construction site varies with site conditions and soil types but is typically 100 to 200 tons per acre and may be as high as 500 tons per acre. Four kinds of accelerated water erosion are commonly recognized. Fabrijute netting this netting is made entirely from plastic, it mimics natural fibers. The role of coastal forests and trees in protecting against coastal erosion gegar prasetya1 1 introduction shoreline changes induced by erosion and accretion are natural processes that take place over a range of time scales. Soil erosion soil erosion is the detachment and movement of soil material. Soil erosion is a process of moving soil by water or wind when the soil particles are detached. Erosion is the process that wears away the river bed and banks. This type of erosion takes place when the runoff water, laden with soil flowing along the slopes, forms fingerlike channels.
Types of erosion te ara encyclopedia of new zealand. This leaflet explains the different types of erosion on the north coast. Causes, effects and types of erosion water, wind, glacier. Erosion is defined as the withering away of the surface of land by either rain or irrigation water, wind or ice. When the layer of topsoil is removed, ground becomes unproductive and crops decrease. Types of erosion control blankets jute netting made from the natural fiber jute, this netting is used as an erosion control device alone or used to hold together other erosion control materials. Types and their mechanism find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Types and forms of erosion by water and by wind anne x 1 1. Types and their mechanism find, read and cite all the research you. Movement of soil by splash erosion is the primary cause of sheet erosion. Types and forms of erosion by water and by wind food and. Raindrops fall at a speed of about 20 miles per hour.
Large quantities of valuable soil are eroded by flowing water and moving wind. Smith and whitt 1947 presented an erosionestimating equation that included most of the factors present in modern soil loss equations. This type of erosion takes place when the runoff water, laden with soil flowing along the. Erosion is a natural process but is often intensified by human land use practices. Identifying erosion problems at the planning stage and noting highly erodible. Sep 21, 2017 soil erosion is the process where wind, water and human beings detach soil particles and deposit them somewhere else.
Efforts to predict soil erosion by water started in the 1930s. There are several types of water erosion that can cause difficulties for topsoil. Water water carves out canyons and can even widen rivers. The loose and dissolved materials move from one location to another. An onsite loss of agricultural potential an offsite effect of downstream movement of sediment, causing flooding and the silting up of reservoirs.
Queenslands high intensity summer rainfalls represent a significant risk of erosion by water. Erosion, removal of surface material from earths crust, primarily soil and rock debris, and the transportation of the eroded materials by natural agencies such as water or wind from the point of removal. Types of erosion splash,sheet,rill and gully erosion. Rain splash only occurs if the rain falls with high intensity. Soil moves a few inches and usually is redistributed back over the surface soil. Coastal erosion pdf causes,impact,mitigation measures. Wind erosion happens when wind gusts blow away unsecured soil. Erosion and changes in the form of river banks may be measured by inserting metal rods into the bank and marking the position of the bank surface along the rods at different times. This type of erosion starts as water flowing over the soil surface concentrates into small. Soil erosion is the displacement of the upper layer of soil, it is one form of soil degradation. Soil erosion, especially in agricultural systems, affects everyone throughout the world.
Mechanical and chemical weathering break down and dissolve solid rocks and minerals thanks to the actions of water, ice, animals, plants, acids, changes in temperature and human activities. Water erosion is the most prevalent kind of erosion. In accordance with these agents, erosion is sometimes divided into water erosion, glacial. Factors that influence erosion soils precipitation vegetation surface area slope length slope gradient surface texture grayling. The soil erosion process begins by water falling as raindrops and flowing on the soil surface. Sheet erosion soil erosion is characterised by the downslope removal of soil particles within a thin sheet of water. To control erosion at a construction site with an effective stormwater pollution prevention plan swppp and comply with stormwater discharge requirements, it is important for construction site operators and hse health, safety, environment managers to understand the five basic types of erosion.
The word erosion is derived from the latin rodere meaning to gnaw, the same root that gives us the word rodent. The erosion due to the impact of falling raindrops on soil surface leading to the destruction of the crumb structure is known as the raindrop or splash erosion. To accomplish this installation of devices meant to slow down the water is needed. Use the additional resources to enhance understanding.
Fluvial, wave, or glacial erosion of slope toe or lateral margins d. Processes and principles of erosion and sedimentation. The main agents of erosion are water, wind and gravity. This article throws light upon the eight main types of water erosion. Soil erosion of these types mainly takes place by two methods. Water and wind erosion are two main agents that degrade soils find, read and cite all the research you. Thermal erosion is the result of melting and weakening permafrost due to moving water. The four types, or processes, by which a river erodes are hydraulic action, abrasion or corrasion, attrition and corrosion. For students to print off, complete, and turn in for a grade types of water and wind erosion exercise pdf. Wind erosion the wind can remove the valuable fine soil on the land surface. Coastal erosion pdf causes,impact,mitigation measures the shorelines and beaches in india serve multidimensional needs such as recreational purpose, seaport for maritime commerce, residential and commercial structures, etc. Erosion control slope stabilization on slopes that are being eroded away, slowing down of surface water is needed. The bed and banks can be eroded making it wider, deeper and longer.
The forces of weathering and erosion work together like a team shaping and reshaping the surfaces of the earth. Understanding different types of erosion, by water or wind, can help us protect our soils. Further, eroded soils may lose 7580 per cent of their carbon content, with consequent emission of carbon to the atmosphere. Pdf soil is the most fundamental and basic natural resource for all life to survive. Erosion also breaks up the rocks that are carried by the river. Soil erosion is a widespread problem in rural and urban queensland. The removal of soil and rock material by water, wind, or frost. Pdf on may 22, 2018, s g telkar and others published soil erosion.
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